LEVELING-THEORY, METHODS, AND EQUIPMENT PART I.
#Music an appreciation 13th edition software
Introduction 45 Direct and Indirect Observations 45 Errors in Measurements 46 Mistakes 46 Sources of Errors in Making Observations 47 Types of Errors 47 Precision and Accuracy 48 Eliminating Mistakes and Systematic Errors 49 Probability 49 Most Probable Value 50 Residuals 51 Occurrence of Random Errors 51 General Laws of Probability 55 Measures of Precision 55 Interpretation of Standard Deviation 58 The 50, 90, and 95 Percent Errors 58 Error Propagation 60 Applications 65 Conditional Adjustment of Observations 65 Weights of Observations 66 Least-Squares Adjustment 67ģ.22 Using Software 68 Problems 69 Bibliography 71 Introduction 23 Units of Measurement 23 International System of Units (SI) Significant Figures 27 Rounding Off Numbers 29Ģ.6 Field Notes 30 2.7 General Requirements of Handwritten Field Notes 31 2.8 Types of Field Books 32 2.9 Kinds of Notes 33 2.10 Arrangements of Notes 33 2.11 Suggestions for Recording Notes 35 2.12 Introduction to Data Collectors 36 2.13 Transfer of Files from Data Collectors 39 2.14 Digital Data File Management 41 2.15 Advantages and Disadvantages of Data Collectors 42 Problems 43 Bibliography 44
#Music an appreciation 13th edition professional
INTRODUCTION 1.1 Definition of Surveying 1 1.2 Geomatics 3 1.3 History of Surveying 4 1.4 Geodetic and Plane Surveys 9 1.5 Importance of Surveying 10 1.6 Specialized Types of Surveys 11 1.7 Surveying Safety 13 1.8 Land and Geographic Information Systems 14 1.9 Federal Surveying and Mapping Agencies 15 1.10 The Surveying Profession 16 1.11 Professional Surveying Organizations 17 1.12 Surveying on the Internet 18 1.13 Future Challenges in Surveying 19 Problems 20 Bibliography 21.What’s New in This Edition? xviii Acknowledgments xviii Includes bibliographical references and index. Elementary surveying : an introduction to geomatics / Charles D. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ghilani, Charles D. The author and publisher shall not be liable in any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs. The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or the documentation contained in this book. These efforts include the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effectiveness. The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. To obtain permission(s) to use materials from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Higher Education, Permissions Department, 1 Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. This publication is protected by Copyright and permissions should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. Manufactured in the United States of America. Copyright © 2012, 2008, 2006, 2002 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Excel is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Horton Executive Editor: Holly Stark Editorial Assistant: Keri Rand Vice President, Production: Vince O’Brien Senior Managing Editor: Scott Disanno Production Liaison: Jane Bonnell Production Editor: Anoop Chaturvedi, MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company Senior Operations Supervisor: Alan Fischer Operations Specialist: Lisa McDowell Executive Marketing Manager: Tim Galligan Marketing Assistant: Mack Patterson Senior Art Director and Cover Designer: Kenny Beck Cover Images: Top: Tuscany landscape at sunset with San Gimignano in the background/ Stefano Tiraboschi/Shutterstock Bottom: Satellite image of San Gimignano, Italy/DigitalGlobe and eMap International Art Editor: Greg Dulles Media Editor: Daniel Sandin Composition/Full-Service Project Management: MPS Limited, a Macmillan Company Mathcad is a registered trademark of Parametric Technology Corporation or its subsidiaries in the U.S. Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia J. Professor Emeritus, Civil and Environmental Engineering University of Wisconsin–Madison GHILANI The Pennsylvania State University Elementary Surveying An Introduction to GeomaticsĬHARLES D.